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> Essential requirements for good lighting / Visual needs
Visual performance Visual comfort Visual ambiance
The physiological processes of vision, the physical description of the phenomenon of light and the measurement thereof as well as the development of high-performance artificial light sources in particular, have defined the age of electrical lighting for more than 100 years. In the 1960s, it was even believed that artificial lighting of work places was superior to lighting with daylight, e.g. since it could be kept at a constant level 24 hours a day. Windowless schools and open plan offices with mandatory permanent artificial lighting and air conditioning embodied the megalomania of civil engineering. A slogan from that era, "Light turns the night into day", expressed the seeming independence from daylight, and that of fully conditioned work environments from the natural human way of life.
Outdoors, changes in illuminance in excess of 100.000 lx on bright summer days and 0,3 lx by moonlight are perceived to be just as natural as a rather dull-appearing, uniform lighting with clouded or rainy skies and intense shadows as well as bright/dark zones in case of intense sunlight. Rapid and frequent changes in illumination levels and light colour due to passing clouds and the change from the warm light colour of the sunrise to the blue light of mid-day skies to red sunsets are familiar and accepted light situations. Within these limits, among other things, the requirements for lighting can be determined which are necessary to fulfil the needs for
With modern lighting concepts, the fulfilments of these three visual needs are realised with differing emphasis. They can therefore also be depicted in a system with triangular coordinates. Chapter "Lighting of sales spaces" offers an example for this: In supermarkets, visual performance is predominant. Visual comfort usually comes second in the lighting concept. In shops for premium goods, visual comfort and visual ambience are focused on when selecting the lighting concept, since they convey an atmosphere of calm, trust and quality. Similar observations apply, for example, for rooms in the healthcare sector (see also chapter , "Illumination of rooms in the healthcare sector") which are mainly occupied by patients and their relatives. In these rooms, a balanced harmony of space and lighting also helps dispel fears and stimulate courage and hope.
Figure 3.1: In this concept, visual performance, visual comfort or visual ambience determine the criteria for lighting
Introduction Visual performance
Introduction Visual needs Need for orientation Non visual needs
Guidelines Overview Work places Visual task area Surrounding area Illuminance Luminance distribution Limitation of glare Lighting direction, modelling Aspects of colour Flicker and stroboscopic effects Daylight
Maintenance Factor Light and safety at work Light and non-visual effects Light and economy Light and environment Lighting design Lighting measurement Emergency lighting
Lighting of traffic zones and geneal areas in buildings Lighting of industrial activities and crafts Lighting of offices and VDU workstations Lighting of design and CAD offices Lighting of sports facilities Lighting of health care facilities Lighting of geriatric care facilities and nursing homes Lighting of public areas Lighting of salesrooms Lighting of educational facilities Lighting of traffic areas Lighting of car parks Ligthing of further indoor spaces
Luminaires The enhanced concept of quality Photometric classification Photometric properties Photo biology safety Mounting and electrical connection Luminaire labelling Luminaire operation LED luminaire operation Operation of FL luminaires Electrical safety Fire protection Electromagnetic safety Mechanical safety Chemical and miscellaneous impact Acoustic properties Ventilation properties
Firehazardous locations Room with bathtubs and showers Swimming baths Exterior installations Agricultural and gardening plant locations Food industry Clean rooms Requirements on mediacal rooms Emergency light installations
Luminaire selection chart
Light management application and function Presence detection Daylight-dependent regulation Interfaces Building management, KNX and other bus systems
Light sources types Characteristics of light sources
ABC, DF, G, ILM, NO, P, QRSUV, W
Subject index
StandardsGuidelines and instructionsEuropean directives and regulationsFurther publications
Lighting societies
Standardisation institutes
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